Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that are inconsistent with an individual’s age and development, impacting daily functioning.

Symptoms are typically grouped into two main categories, with a third presentation combining both.

Below is a summary based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria, commonly used in Australia:

Type 1 – Inattention (≥6 symptoms for children under 17, ≥5 for adults, present for at least 6 months):

• Fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes.
• Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play.
• Does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
• Fails to follow through on instructions or finish tasks.
• Difficulty organizing tasks and activities.
• Avoids or dislikes tasks requiring sustained mental effort.
• Often loses things necessary for tasks (e.g., school materials, keys).
• Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
• Forgetful in daily activities.

Type 2 – Hyperactivity and Impulsivity (≥6 symptoms for children under 17, ≥5 for adults, present for at least 6 months):

• Fidgets, taps hands, or squirms in seat.
• Leaves seat in situations where remaining seated is expected.
• Runs about or climbs excessively (in adults, feelings of restlessness).
• Unable to engage in leisure activities quietly.
• Acts as if “driven by a motor” or is always “on the go.”
• Talks excessively.
• Blurts out answers before questions are completed.
• Difficulty waiting for their turn.
• Interrupts or intrudes on others’ conversations or activities.

Additional Criteria:

• Symptoms must be present before age 12, occur in two or more settings (e.g., home, school, work), and interfere with social, academic, or occupational functioning.
• Symptoms are not better explained by another mental health condition (e.g., anxiety, depression).

In Australia, ADHD is diagnosed by specialists (psychiatrists, pediatricians) following a comprehensive assessment, including clinical interviews, behavioral observations, and various standardized rating scales.

Medications Used in ADHD Treatment in Australia

In Australia, medications for ADHD are regulated under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA).

They are typically prescribed by specialists (psychiatrists or pediatricians) or by GPs in collaboration with specialists under shared-care arrangements (permits).

Medications are divided into stimulants (first-line) and non-stimulants (second-line or adjunctive).

Below is a comprehensive list of ADHD medications available in Australia as of June 2025, based on current TGA approvals and PBS listings:

Medication	Type	Formulations *	Duration	PBS-Listed for ADHD	Common Use
Methylphenidate	Stimulant	IR, LA, ER	3-12 hours	Yes	First-line, children/adults
Dexamphetamine	Stimulant	IR	4-6 hours	Yes	First-line, children/adults
Lisdexamfetamine	Stimulant	ER	10-14 hours	Yes	First-line, children/adults
Atomoxetine	Non-Stimulant	ER	24 hours	Yes	Second-line, stimulant intolerance
Guanfacine	Non-Stimulant	ER	24 hours	Yes	Adjunct or monotherapy, children
Clonidine	Non-Stimulant	IR	Variable	No (off-label)	Adjunct, hyperactivity/sleep issues

* IR = immediate release

* LA = long acting

* ER = extended release